Marriage Between a Man and a Woman

A traditional marriage is a legal contract between a man and a woman. Entering into a marriage contract changes the legal status of both people giving husband and wife new rights and obligations (The Free Dictionary). A marriage according to Webster dictionary is the opposite being united together legally, the state that which two people of the same sex join together same as that of a traditional marriage. Is it because it is placed in the dictionary that a marriage can be between two people of the same sex it is ok. People would think that because that because two people of the same sex that are in love they have a right to be married. However, many believe that marriage should only remain between a man and a woman. If the U. S. doesn’t allow same sex marriages there would be a rebellion because due to the civil rights of the homosexuals. People consider homosexuality a sin. Other people don’t have a religious belief and think that it is neglecting them of their constitutional rights. It will weaken the traditional family. Others say because homosexuals can’t procreate, the adoption rate will increase and will have a stronger family value not based on a sexual lifestyle. Homosexuality is an unhealthy lifestyle causes early deaths. The homosexual lifestyle is accepted in most places. It could cause an outbreak of many other things such as having multiple wives or marring objects. It could weaken the definition of marriage. Most people think that the only thing that should matter in marriage is love. The constitution states in the 1st amendment that we have the freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and to petition the government. Many think that if we place a law on marriages we will be forcing religion on those who believe different. However, homosexuality is a sin against God. If God wanted men to be with men and women to be with women he would have created Adam and Steve in stead of Adam and Eve. Also he would have created another way reproduction to happen instead of penetration of a male into a female. Many people say that they were born gay and can’t change that. Even if they wanted to change they are afraid that if they leave they won’t be accepted in other organizations. Some think that homosexual marriages weaken the traditional family and increase the risk of STD’s. The frivolous lifestyle of one person by having sex with multiple partners cause people to have less trust which could cause less marriages or more divorces. If homosexual marriages were allowed there would be a lot of marriages of the same sex because friends want to save money on their taxes. Many people say that if the homosexuals were allowed to marry then the STD rate could decrease. Also we want to encourage a lifestyle of partnership and people to build lives together. Now many places accept homosexuals as a traditional marriage. Not many see it as wrong, nasty, or unhealthy; they see the public affection and embrace it. Not knowing that the lifestyle could possibly kill them. Many don’t know that homosexual relations aren’t just physically unhealthy. But, homosexual relations are mentally and emotionally unhealthy. A study shows that 78% of male homo- sexual relations last less than three years and 12 % last less than five years. Most men are unhappy in the relationships. They are six times more likely to try to commit suicide. Evelyn Hooker says that homosexuals have the same health risk that heterosexual males have (APA Online). The thought that homosexual males have a mental problem and are maladjusted caused her to think. When tested the males found that there was no difference between the two. If homosexual marriages were allowed there would be an up rise of people wanting to marry multiple people or people want to marry an object. If the up rise occurred there could possibly be a rebellion because the law would not pass for them to do the craziest things. Allowing homosexuals to marry it would weaken the definition of marriage. It would make marriage look like a joke. The basic reason people get married is because they love one another not knowing the responsibilities that come with being married. If marriage were meant to between the same sexes, there wouldn’t be a need to hide the fact that they love one another. Marriage should remain between a man and a woman so that the definition of marriage can stay strengthened, the world won’t go to extinction, and so we can live healthy lifestyles. ? Work Cited †¢Helium/ October 14, 2009/ Marriage should be a sacred institution between only a woman and a man †¢BalancedPolitics. org/ October 14, 2009/ Should Same-Sex Marriages be Legalized? †¢The free dictionary/ October 14, 2009/ Traditional Marriage †¢Webster Dictionary online/ October 14, 2009/ Marriage †¢Exodus global alliance/ October 14, 2009/ Is Homosexuality Healthy?

Minimum Wage and Unemployment Rate †A Direct Relationship Essay

In any labor market, free or regulated, there is friction and rigidity that result in labor issues. With 11 million people unemployed, and millions more discouraged or underemployed, there is justification to believe that these high population levels represent a glitch in the American labor market (1). These basic statistics, coupled with the elementary economic theory of supply and demand, demonstrate that minimum wage regulation has not only proven to be unsuccessful, but should be eliminated immediately. Although compulsory wage levels may be problematic in our contemporary labor market, the theory supporting a minimum wage dates back to over three centuries ago. The earliest evidence of a mandatory minimum wage could be found in New Zealand when in 1894 there was an effort to extinguish sweatshop labor. Also during this time, Australia made amendments to the Factories Act which created a wage price floor in six industries that were considered to have low paying wages. Although this amendment began as an experiment, within a few years additional amendments were created to expand minimum wage to over 150 different industries (2). It took until the early 1900’s for the minimum wage model to appear in the United States. In 1912, Massachusetts set up a commission not to demand minimum wages, but to recommend them – especially for women and children. Within eight years, 13 US states and Washington DC implemented their own compulsory minimum wage laws (3). Due to challenges from the Supreme Court during the Lochner Era – a time where the Supreme Court exercised its power to protect economic liberty and private contracts – it took until 1938 for federal minimum wage laws to manifest in the United States. Presented under the Fair Labor Standards Act under the scope of the Commerce Clause, the Supreme Court ruled that Congress had the power to regulate employment. As a result, the first ever federal minimum wage entered the market at 25 cents an hour (4). Today we have a federal minimum wage of $7.25/hour and even higher in some states like Washington where the minimum wage is over $9/hour. Aside from the role minimum wage laws play in our current market, they’ve also made prominent news headlines and been in the minds of many laborers as of recently. Many of these headlines reveal a desire by workers and politicians alike to raise the minimum wage. Organized protests by workers in the fast food industry have assembled in the streets of major cities to bring to attention not only their demand for a much higher minimum wage, but for union representation as well. Additionally politicians like Barack Obama and Seattle Mayor Mike McGinn have spoken publicly about their desire for an increased minimum wage. While the President has put pressure on Congress to legislate a $9/hour minimum wage, Mayor McGinn has expressed his support for a $15/hour minimum wage by his respective legislators (5). Aside from the strong political appeal that may encourage politicians to propose minimum wage increases, on the surface this type of legislation seems like a well-intentioned effort to raise the standard of living of people working for relatively low wages. This is not only because people naturally desire better things for themselves, but it also seems like a productive way to align wages with levels of inflation that the Federal Reserve is primarily responsible for (6). To make minimum wage theory even more confusing, there have been multiple studies on the issue only to garner completely opposite results. David Neumark, an economics professor at UCI and William Washer, an economist on the board of governors at the Federal Reserve wrote a descriptive 155 page monograph that elaborately detailed the negative effects that minimum wage laws created. Conversely, David Card an economics professor at UCB and Alan Krueger, a professor at Princeton University, published a highly renowned study that concluded minimum wage laws would only cause minimal job loss and in some instances could even raise employment levels (7). However, when studying economic phenomena mixed results are completely common due to the failure to meet the cetaris paribus condition, which stresses the concept of keeping variables constant. Not surprisingly, there were very few constant variables between these two studies. So rather than fill this essay with the observations of others, I plan to mainly use deductive reasoning to discuss the logical consistency of my argument. Because minimum wage laws are not only self-defeating but also make society poorer, it is in everyone’s best interest, especially those the law is intended to help, to abolish minimum wage laws immediately. In rudimentary economic studies, we learn about the affects supply and demand have on market clearing prices and that where supply meets demand is price equilibrium. We also learn that when prices are arbitrarily set above equilibrium, the result is a surplus. Wage labor is no different, and when analyzing this data, the surplus can be expressed as unemployment. These surpluses (unemployment) result when the productivity of a laborer is not high enough to warrant the new minimum wage. Now an economic burden to the company, the employer will have no choice but to terminate the employee(s) in order to remain profitable in their endeavors. Because these compulsory created economic burdens will generally be people already earning relatively lower wages, wage price floors actually hurt the people they are intended to help. Even if one was to claim that the terminations resulting in raising the minimum wage were offset by the new people making higher nominal wages, this person would be committing an arbitrary value judgment. Additionally, minimum wage laws have a dampening effect on inner city youth (8). After spending time in subpar public schooling, many underprivileged adolescents are forced to turn to the streets instead of taking a low paying position where he would be able to acquire skills on the job. Rather than gain working experience, he is more prone to a perpetual cycle of poverty and violence. When viewed from a more macro approach, there are even worse social ramifications. Unemployment is universally agreed upon as a bad thing. This is because the negative effects have no offsetting benefits, rather they are considered a dead loss. When unemployment levels rise, people tend to crave acts of protectionism, which is are strives to restrict the immigration process and limit imports from competing countries. Not only can these actions lead to retaliatory actions from other countries, but can also impede the influx of cheaper goods, which will directly hurt the unemployed (9). Not only will unemployment lower total national output, but it also creates a demand for costly federal and state services such as the unemployment program. Furthermore, the logic behind the minimum wage legislation seems to contain not only many dissenting opinions on what the nominal wage should be, but many faults in logic as well. Down to the cent, there are thousands of people who all support the minimum wage but at different amounts. Although most main stream public figures seem to restrain a wage price floor from exceeding $20/hour, wouldn’t consistent logic prevail for compulsory wages of at least $100/hour or even $1,000/hour? Clearly, this is absurd. Rather than having economists design the economy, evidence prevails that it would be better for people to decide respective wage levels on their own. While it may be true that â€Å"moderate† rises in the minimum wage may not lead to substantial changes in the rate of unemployment, this is exactly why these laws are self-defeating. This price floor only affects a small sect of the economy, making some of it unemployed. When laborers compete for a job, they have two tools. On one hand is productivity and ingenuity. On the other hand is the wage at wish they are willing to work for. If a relatively unproductive worker wants to compete with a highly productive worker, then he or she must naturally accept a lower wage. In doing this, the worker gains a form of payment through knowledge and information that can be taken with them throughout life. Denying this ind ividual the right to do so, with arbitrary government price floors, removes his or her ability to compete and to find employment. Not only will this disarm the very people the laws were intended to help, but it also blocks a person from a basic right to work at whatever wage he or she chooses to do so at. Through the use of deductive reasoning, it is quite clear that although well intentioned, minimum wage laws have created a disturbing effect on our contemporary labor market and have had negative effects on the people they were designed to help. It should come as no surprise then that the urban areas of our nation experience the highest levels of unemployment. Works Cited 1) â€Å"Employment Status of Displaced Workers : The Editor’s Desk : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.† U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1 Sept. 2013. Web. 21 Oct. 2013. 2) â€Å"History of the Minimum Wage.† Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 08 Feb. 2013. Web. 21 Oct. 2013. 3) â€Å"Minimum Wage in the United States.† Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 21 Oct. 2013. Web. 21 Oct. 2013. 4) â€Å"Lochner Era.† LII. Cornell University Law School, n.d. Web. 21 Oct. 2013. 5) Associated Press. â€Å"Seattle Mayor Would Support Minimum Wage above $15.† USA Today. Gannett, 9 Oct. 2013. Web. 21 Oct. 2013. 6) Casey, Chris. Killing the Currency. Ludwig Von Mises Institute, 27 May 203. Web. 21 Oct. 2013. 7) MacKenzie, D.W. â€Å"The Ludwig Von Mises Institute.† Minimum Wage Laws: Economics versus Ideology. N.p., 14 June 2007. Web. 21 Oct. 2013. 8) Caldwell, Roger. â€Å"Inner City Black Male Unemployment At 50 Percen t.† West Orlando News Online 2013 ® Central Florida News, Info, Sports. N.p., 15 Nov. 2009. Web. 21 Oct. 2013. 9) â€Å"The Cost Of Unemployment To The Economy.† Investopedia. N.p., 9 Aug. 2011. Web. 21 Oct. 2013.

John Calvin and the Protestant Reformation Essay

This paper is devoted to the period of Protestant Reformation in France and the key figure of this process- John Calvin. John Calvin was a Protestant theologian and the developer of the famous Calvinism theology as a system of Christian church. He is well known for his written works and his teachings, but not many know about his role played in Michael Servetus’s execution. These and some other issues will be discussed in this research. John Calvin was born under the name of Jean Chauvin in Picardie, in France. His father sent him to Paris in 1523 to get ready for the priesthood. There Calvin studied in College de la Marche and then in College de Montaigu till 1528. As he was doing quite well in ecclesiastics, he gained the chaplaincy and the curacy of Saint Martin de Martheville from his native city (Tracy, 1999). In 1529 Calvin resigned chaplaincy for the benefit of his younger brother, but however two years later he resumed and was holding it till 1534 (Gordon, 2002). Calvin proved to be a good student, but his father, who by the year 1528 had problems in relations with the ecclesiastic authorities in Noyon, took a decision, that his son should study law instead. John didn’t argue and went to Orleans, to study law at the university there. In a year he moved to another university and took classes of Andrea Alciati. During his studies at both universities Calvin was very much under the impact of Melchior Wolmar, who was a leader of humanist ranks and was a supporter of Reformation ideas. When in 1531 the father of Calvin died, he had to come back to Paris and take up study of Hebrew. In 1532 John spent another year in Orleans as a student of law again. In spring of the same year he paid his own money for publishing the text of Seneca’s De Clementia, adding his commentary. This was a confirmation of his humanistic views in connection with the Roman Church. At the same time the ideas of Reformation were rapidly spread in France, Calvin however was moving step by step to his position, he wrote in his commentary to Psalms that he â€Å"was too obstinately devoted to the superstitions of popery to be easily extricated from so profound an abyss of mire. † (Barth, 1995). One of his friends, who also shared the ideas of Reformation, was Nicolas Cop. When he became the rector of Paris University, they decided to use the chance to present their comments concerning the Reformation in front of cultured and intelligent audience. In November 1533 Cop held a speech in the Church of the Mathurins, which they gave the title â€Å"Christian Philosophy†, meaning the Gospel. The relation, he built between Law and Gospel, was closely connected to the ideas of Luther. The final part of the speech was however independent and more concentrated on the one of the features of Calvinism, namely – salvation. The speech had all chances to produce a vivid impression on the audience and to attract supporters, but Cop spoke negatively about the hierologists of Sorbonne and called them â€Å"sophists†. This certainly caused their indignation, they sought for support from the government, and Cop had to escape. Calvin followed him due to their known close relation, but risked to return very soon. He couldn’t get rid of his fears, that his support of Reformation ideas could be followed by imprisonment, like it was the case with some other reformers. He decided to become a wanderer in 1534, all the time changing his name. Two and a half years he was going from place to place, was imprisoned in Noyon, visited Paris, where he met Servetus for the first time. In Orleans he published his Psychopannychia, confutation of the theory about sleeping soul between death and the Last Judgment (Gordon, 2002). In 1535 Calvin visited Strasburg under the name of Basel. There he finished his â€Å"Institutes of the Christian Religion†, about the book he wrote: â€Å"My objects were, first, to vindicate my brethren whose death was precious in the sight of the Lord; and next that, as the same cruelties might very soon after be exercised against many unhappy individuals, foreign nations might be touched with at least some compassion toward them and solicitude about them. † (Barth, 1995). After he had published this work, he worked in Ferrara in the court of Duchess Renee. A year later he met his younger brother Antoine and his half-sister Marie in Paris. He traveled with them to Strasburg, but because of the war, had to go to Geneva, planning to remain only one night there. But Farel Guillaume, one of the like-minded persons, convinced him to stay there. Two years he spent at the side of Farel, but still the city could not stand the significant reforms offered by the Reformers and on Easter Monday in 1538 they both were ordered to leave the city. Calvin traveled to Strasburg, where he became minister to the French refugees in the Church of St. Nicolas (Brady, 1994). Two years later he married Idelette de Bure, widow of Jean Stordeur of Liege, an Anabaptist, whom Calvin managed to turn into pedobabtist. They had a son, who lived only several days. Idelette de Bure died in 1549 and Calvin never married for the second time. Calvin didn’t have the plans to return to Geneva as his financial situation was rather poor at that moment, but very soon he got the opportunity to improve his position. In Strasburg he managed to practice the reform, which he could not launch in Geneva, and his fame started to grow very quickly. He received an offer to come out with a course of cathedral lectures. In 1539 Cardinal Jacopo Sadoleto sent a letter to Geneva, asking for it to be returned to Roman obedience and Bern government gave the right to answer to Calvin. There were serious changes in the government of Geneva, and as a result the friends if Calvin won the power in the city. For the second time Calvin followed the arguments of Farel and went to Geneva. He knew perfectly, that there were a lot of his enemies, and that not everybody was ready to support him, but his faith in God was his major support. The government prepared a house for him and a corresponding salary. His work in Geneva started, the city turned into his main, but not the only one, center of activity. Geneva was a place, that gathered a lot of refugees from Holland, Italy, England, Spain, who were ready to listen and to support the ideas of Calvin. Also a number of students visited his lectures. His fame was growing, and more and more people were standing by him. At the age of fifty-five he died because of a disease. For Geneva he left one hundred and seventy dollar, faith, education and reconstructed government. Calvin chose Apostle’s Creed as the basis for his ideas, at the same time closely relating theology and ethics. Calvin’s reformation was practical, with the strongest emphasis on the doctrine of predestination; he tried to teach people of the city to refer to it as a cornerstone of the Christian faith. Opposed to lenient views concerning grace and sin, propagated by the Roman Church, the Augustinian doctrine recovered in his words. Calvin did his best to change the face of Protestantism, as he managed to address openly and directly the matters, which other reformers didn’t know or didn’t want to discuss (Brady, 1994). His main target was the proper organization of the church governance and social organization of the church in the city. He was said to be the first politic leader, who was able to build the social organization based on biblical principles. He brought very significant innovation, namely by incorporating church into the government of the city (Cameron, 1991). In the middle of 1550s the structure of Geneva was changed completely in accordance to Calvin’s ideas. As a result Geneva became the most important center of Protestantism in Europe and attracted the persecuted refugees from other countries. The branch of Calvin’s reforms became the prevalent branch of Protestantism from the seventeenth century. Calvin had the same problems as Luther with Anabaptists. On the 16-17 of March in 1537 he had a public meeting with them, and using his strong argumentation disposed of their ideas, as confirmed by Council of Two Hundred. Along with a great number of supporters Calvin had his opponents as well. Calvin played a very important role in the execution of Michael Servetus – â€Å"the Spanish physician, radical reformer (‘Anabaptist’), and unitarian. † (Gordon, 2002). In 1531 Servetus published his ideas denouncing the Trinity, which was the key doctrine Catholics and Protestants could agree about. Three years later Calvin agreed to meet Servetus in person in Paris, Servetus however didn’t appear. From 1546 till 1548 they exchanged letters, trying to convince each other, but finally Calvin had to stop the correspondence, as it was growing more and more rancorous. In 1553 Servetus was sentenced to death in absentia by Inquisition in Spain for spreading heresy. Calvin provided very important evidences to support the conviction. Servetus escaped from the prison, but was again arrested in Geneva on the initiative of Calvin. This time he was sentenced to burning on a stake, which took place in 1553. Then Servetus was buried together with the copy of his last work – De Trinitatis Erroribus. Servetus was the only one, who was sentenced to death for his religious beliefs during the lifetime of Calvin, and there is finally no agreement about the correctness of Calvin’s actions concerning this issue. Hundreds of years later modern Calvinists do not support the actions of Calvin towards Servetus. Nowadays persecution, and what is more death sentence for religious beliefs and positions, seems to be barbarous. Calvin was certainly not the only reformer. The ideas of Calvin and Farel were really close, but Farel was a missionary, a preacher and not theologian or even less a statesman. Calvin, being French would probably not be able to spread his influence so successfully either in Zurich or in Wittenberg, as Zwingli and Luther did it. Calvin was much younger than Luther and Zwingli and had an advantage of having a good foundation for spreading his ideas. He managed to build a system based on their new ideas. He proved to be better organizer and better thinker, at the same time lacking their genius and activity. His life was not as dramatic as those of Luther or Zwingli; he didn’t possess that genial humor or was able to raise popular enthusiasm. And still he remained the most influential Reformer of the Protestant Church. References: Barth, K. (1995). The Theology of John Calvin, tr. by G. W. Bromiley. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans. Brady, T. (1994). Handbook of European History, 1400–1600: Late Middle Ages, Renaissance, and Reformation. Leiden and New York. Breen, Q. (1968). John Calvin: A Study in French Humanism. Cameron, E. (1991). The European Reformation. Oxford and New York. Gordon, B. (2002). The Swiss Reformation. Manchester, U. K. , and New York. Tracy, J. (1999). Europe’s Reformations, 1450–1650. Lanham, Md.

HUM CAPSTONE WK9 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

HUM CAPSTONE WK9 - Essay Example g how other people practices their respective beliefs and preferences and recognized that most of the ultimate goals of these religious affiliations is the promotion of peace and the aim to attain salvation and eternal life. Why is it important to learn about other peoples beliefs and attitudes? It is therefore important to learn about other people’ beliefs and attitudes to understand the basic theoretical premise for assuming a particular behavior, a frame of mind, or an adherence to identified ideals. By learning concepts about other religions, one was more sensitive in acknowledging how religion has likewise shaped their lives and how the way they behave and interact with others seem to be influenced by their firm belief on a divine power or Supreme Being who governs peoples’ daily lives. How will you utilize this information in the future? The information learned could be useful and could be utilized in the future through manifesting an open-minded perspective in interacting and communicating with people from diverse cultural and religious orientations and in various situations and settings. I realized that most of these religions actually adhere to the ethics of reciprocity and respecting the lives of others as a way to living the right path of life and eventually attaining the ultimate purpose of one’s religion: salvation, peace, inner calmness and eternal

Consent for Treatment and a Tax-Free Health Care Organization Research Paper

Consent for Treatment and a Tax-Free Health Care Organization - Research Paper Example There are three critical requirements to valid consent: the patient must possess the capacity to consent (mentally competent); consent obtained ought to be voluntary; and, the patient ought to have obtained adequate information to arrive at a decision regarding their treatment. The health practitioner can be reprimanded for failing to obtain a valid consent, which amounts to claims of clinical negligence. In theory, in instances in which harm has befallen the patient and the consent was obtained improperly, this could give rise to claims of assault or battery, and, in extreme cases, criminal charges. Overall, minors are not legally competent (not mentally competent) to consent to medical treatment. It is the practice for doctors, plus other medical professionals to obtain consent from parents or guardians for carrying out medical and surgical procedures. However, when the minor needs urgent medical attention and the parents cannot be reached (such as in a true emergency), then the doctor may begin treating the child devoid of a parental consent (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2003). The scenario presented is life threatening and the doctor can legally treat the minor devoid of parental or legal guardian has given consent. The minor can give informed consent devoid of parental intervention and thus the operation remains allowable. Cases in which minor’s consent is adequate for confidential care are infrequent since it applies only to emergency medical services, where parent’s consent is not readily available. The prospective impact of U.S. health care reform legislation on hospitals can be viewed from four critical areas: changes in funding and reimbursement; changes within clinical operations; transparency requirements; and, additional oversight measures (Rosenbaum, 2011). Under the tax-exempt status, hospitals must undertake a

Self Actualization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Self Actualization - Essay Example Self-actualization is a psychological concept accredited to Kurt Goldstein, defined as an instinctive human need to make the most of their abilities and to strive for fulfillment of their potential. In Maslow's expansion of Goldstein's concept, an individual reaches self-actualization when they feel assured of their physiological security, affiliations and affections, and their respect. In Maslow's terms, "What a man can be, he must be (Maslow, 1943)." Self-actualization can be described in layspeech as self-fulfillment. Though the term carries various implications and nuances depending upon the academic, its essence is of happiness and fulfillment. Paxton and Turner paraphrase Shostrom: Overall, Shostrom's theory of self-actualization is one that emphasizes positive mental health and psychological adjustmentActualizing persons are viewed by Shostrom as individuals who are willing to take the risk of being themselves and to respond according to how they feel in the present, rather than adhering to rigid patterns of the past or to inflexible goals of the future. Two concepts that are central to Shostrom's theory of actualizing are inner-direction and time competence. Shostrom describes actualizing persons as being inner-directed, meaning that the motivation for their behavior comes from within, not from external influences. The importance of the concept of inner-direction to Shostrom's theory is illustrated by the fact that he describes inner-direction as a goal of self-actualizing and a central tenet Time competence, another characteristic of actualizing individuals, refers to the ability to live in the here-and-now rather than predominantly living in the past and/o r in the future (66). Self-actualization is intimately related to identity-the concept of fulfillment grows from one's perception of self. "The reflected self is composed of three elements: The self-concept (SC)-a person's perception of himself or herself; the Perceived Self-Concept (PSC)-a person's perception of others' evaluations of him or her; and the Social Self-Concept (SSC)-others' actual evaluations of a person (Schafer et al, 168)." The well-known Chilean sociologist Max-Neef has inextricably nine components of fulfillment and actualization in his matrix of needs-satisfactions. According to Max-Neef, people and communities reach fulfillment when they have access to the following: Basic subsistence (food, shelter, work), Protection (rights, family, security), Affect (friends, family, partners or spouses), Understanding (education, policy, and communications which orient one in their social context), Participation (rights, responsibilities, and obligations), Recreation (games, shows, parties, leisure), Creation (abilities, talents, methods, and skills), Identity (symbols, language, customs, sexuality, values, and roles), and Freedom (civil rights and equality) (Max-Neef, 1986). Fundamental Human Needs Being (qualities) Having (things) Doing (actions) Interacting (settings) subsistence physical and mental health food, shelter work feed, clothe, rest, work living environment, social setting protection care, adaptability autonomy social security, health systems, work co-operate, plan, take care of, help social

The Story of Wall-Mart Success Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Story of Wall-Mart Success - Research Paper Example The company in order to position itself as the lowest cost retailer had to adopt many strategies that even include effectively managing their operating costs so that they do not have to compromise on the profit margins. The company is not only the largest retailer across the globe but is also the biggest employer and has a large base of employees.  The company in order to position itself as the lowest cost retailer had to adopt many strategies that even include effectively managing their operating costs so that they do not have to compromise on the profit margins. The company is not only the largest retailer across the globe but is also the biggest employer and has a large base of employees.  Reasons behind Wal-Mart behind the best in the retail industry   Wal-Mart has been able to prove itself as one of the largest retailers across the globe. The company has been able to maintain an image of a retailer that offers the best of cheapest products in comparison to all the other pl ayers in the retail industry. The company has set its mark as the only retail chain that has not only been successful in the home country but has also been able to set high standards in the international markets. The company achieves the rank of being best retailer not only through its low-cost products but also through the customer service that it offers to its customers. The company maintains a team of well-trained professionals and they are divided into various departments so that there is a smooth flow of operations. The company has also achieved the image of being the most attractive employer in the retail industry. To be best in a particular industry can be analyzed through the revenue margins and the profit levels that are achieved by a company in comparison to other players in the market. Wal-Mart is known to be the best in the retail sector as its revenue margins have always grown down the line. The company is the topmost retailer across the globe in terms of revenue (Fishm an 113).The other factor that states that the company is the best in the retail sector is that it has been able to maintain a steady growth down the years and unlike other competitors has not seen any kind of turmoil in its business operations. Also, the company operates across various regions and offers a wide range of products, and the company even imports different kinds of consumer goods and electronics in the United States. The wide range of activities that the company performs also has been well supported by its association with all the local communities which has proved that the company is socially responsible. The company performs all kinds of activities may that be getting associated with all form of environmental concern issue or may that be extending their support and help to the weaker sections of the company.  

Answer the parts of directions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Answer the parts of directions - Essay Example This paper is going to discuss the importance as well as benefits of college education to the success of individuals as well as the drawbacks that accompany it. This paper is going to determine the worth of college education, factoring in its merits and demerits. Lastly, this paper is going to discuss the reasons that support the fact that the benefits that accrue from college education far outweigh the demerits or the drawbacks. College degree sets one in better spots of getting employment. In addition, it enables one meet new friends and professors. College education equips one with a variety of knowledge as well as different levels of thought and understanding. As such, college degree makes one independent in thought, as well as boosts one’s creativity. College degrees are important in creating a chain of helpful acquaintances ranging from making new friends as well as interaction with various cultures. Developing such friendships and links is worthy and more beneficial compared to the drawbacks that are associated with the college education. This leads to information sharing as well as coming up with a myriad of helpful ideas. College education helps one meet new faces, make friends as well as get to know a lot of information concerning their friends. These are some of the few benefits that are derived from a college education, though unexpectedly. Having friends is a very crucial thing in the life of a college student. For instance, as an accounting student, many of my friends have become helpful to me. In addition, I have also become helpful to them in many ways. There are several instances when we share our interests in education. This has always acted to inform me further concerning the future benefits that await me from colle ge. Some of the interests that we always share have even made a few of my friends to change their minds and start looking at the

One of each Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

One of each - Essay Example By the latter part of the 1960s, as the impacts of the economic development pursuit upon the environment turned out to be more obvious, environmental concerns began to receive more attention and gain more importance. The Torrey Canyon accident, a major oil-tanker that broke up resulting in to the discharge of oil onto England’s south-west coast, raised severe public concern and underscored the fact that elevated consumer consumption was vulnerable to environmental threats. The growing industrialisation of agriculture in the United States was also seriously criticised for the environmental harm attributable to the application of agro-chemicals on farmland. Scholarly criticisms eventually had a key influence on public awareness and later on policy making, with the restriction or prohibition of use being placed on agro-chemicals classified as being the most hazardous (Holden 2003). Nevertheless, the tourism industry remained basically invulnerable from environmental criticism, the tourism’s reputation being chiefly an environmental friendly affair, or what some referred to as the ‘smokeless industry’. This image was boosted by the descriptions of tourism, encompassing values of beauty and purity, as depicted in sceneries of lush mountain areas and glamorous beaches enclosed in sunshine. Still, there were disagreeing remarks about tourism’s ‘smokelessness.’ There are academics who argue that in 1961 there was interest being shown over the potential ecological imbalance that may lead to tourism growth in the island of Tahiti in the Pacific (Holden 2003, 67). The examination of the impacts of growing population of people going down upon scenic regions in the 1960s provoked Mishan (1969, 141) to comment: Once serene and lovely towns such as Andorra and Biarritz are smothered with new hotels and the dust and roar of motorised traffic. The isles of Greece have become a

Using an event case study of your choice, discuss and analyse the role Essay

Using an event case study of your choice, discuss and analyse the role and evolution of events and their impact on society - Essay Example They were competing in 43 events. As from the year 1994, the Olympics of summer and winter have been done separately and have been alternated after every two years. The Olympic Games were closely related to the religious festivals of the cult of the Zeus. It was not the Integral part of the right. Indeed, they had a unique behavior and their aim was to show the physical qualities and the tremendous performance of the young generation. In addition, it was aimed at fostering good relations between the cities in Greece. According to the views of the specialists, the games had vital importance to the religion and owed them their purity. The Olympic Games are the sole and complex scheme, and its extent, range and complexity are like no other. Therefore, following this reason, for a town to host a fruitful Olympic games, many years of keen and precise planning is required, with all the relevant authorities, organizations and stakeholders working in unity together. Many games are played in the Olympics. These games include Rugby, athletics, Badminton, Judo, Olympic, Swimming, Boxing, Table tennis and many others. The beginning of the Olympic games is buried deep in the ancient times. Historical records show that a weird Olympic was played in Egypt 3,000 years ago and Ethiopia it was played 1000 BC. Several museums give evidence of this event played in Greeks and Romans. In South Africa, history states that Olympic was played in Aztec Indians before Columbus landed in the new universe. The current game of Olympic advanced in England in the early 18th century. It evolved mainly in the schools of England. The first competition done for Olympic for men was in 1908 games in London Olympics, in England. Ireland, Scotland and England were the main competitors. Olympic had many controversies since it was started. After appearing for the first time in 1908, it was subsequently dropped in the 1912 event. It then appeared in 1920, in

Persuasive speech evaluation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Persuasive speech evaluation - Assignment Example Provided that he wants to correct his mistakes in the first place. Ms. Pisani was definitely an engaging speaker as she knows how to lighten a serious discussion with humor and anecdotes that allows the people to feel relaxed and understand the seriousness of the topic without being as serious as heart attack. What is amazing about the talk that Ms. Pisani gave is that the was able to combine both the informative and persuasive patterns of speech. She managed to stay on topic while persuading people to believe in her position about sex, drugs, and HIV. She was quite effective in delivering her speech because she actively engaged her audience by using slide presentations, props such as her public health glasses, and other gimmicks that worked in her favor. Most specially, the fact that she used lighthearted words in presenting her topic, made the people more interested in hearing what she had to say. The fact that the audience was laughing while she was talking shows hos successful her speech was. She was definitely able to relate with her audience because she spoke from personal experience and the experience of friends, even giving actual condoms away in order to deliver her message of safe sex. The audience positively responded to her by clapping and laughing along with

Bhopal Ethics Essay Example for Free

Bhopal Ethics Essay The Bhopal gas leak was a terrible tragedy in which thousands of helpless civilians were killed and hundreds of thousands were injured as they slept. Determining who was at fault and, consequently, who should compensate the victims and clean up the site are questions that have plagued the affected parties, my Rotman classmates and the world at large for over 25 years. The analysis to follow, in attempting to present the roles and responsibilities of each major player, will demonstrate the incredible difficulty involved in assigning conclusive responsibility for the tragedy. This will be followed by my personal reflections on the incident in which I present an additional culprit to those discussed in class. Union Carbide Corporation (US): In seeking to assign responsibility for the incident, there are two clear opportunities to point the finger at Union Carbide Corporation. Firstly, pressure from the corporate office to stop losses backed Union Carbide India into a corner that led to the cost-cutting proposal that ultimately produced the disaster. If, as Milton Friedman said, the social responsibility of a business is to increase profits, then Union Carbide Corporation is under a purely fiduciary, and not a moral or ethical, responsibility to the company’s shareholders and their decision to approve the cost-cutting plan seems appropriate. Friedman’s view, however, is far from universally accepted. Many believe that corporations’ responsibilities to their shareholders, employees, customers and communities extend past fiduciary and enter the realms of ethics and CSR. These people will lay blame for the incident at Union Carbide Corporation for putting profits before people. A second criticism often leveled at Union Carbide Corporation is the fact that their inspectors had visited the Bhopal plant a year before the incident and noted sixty-one safety issues. A grand total of zero of these recommendations had been implemented by the time of the incident. While responsibility for implementation certainly rests with Union Carbide India, the parent company cannot escape blameless as they bear responsibility for following up and ensuring their plants are meeting their own safety guidance. This negligence led to disaster. Union Carbide India Limited: The Indian subsidiary of Union Carbide’s level of responsibility for the Bhopal tragedy is also difficult to determine. It clearly bears responsibility for non-functioning safety and emergency equipment that greatly exacerbated the scope of the tragedy. It is simply unacceptable that the cooling unit had been disabled for over one year. Union Carbide India also failed its responsibilities by hiring under-qualified and illiterate employees, and then failing to train them appropriately. These employees did not understand the dangers and worked in a world where minor leaks were commonplace and corroded instruments could not be trusted. As well, the subsidiary surely deserves blame for not correcting any of the safety violations identified before the incident. Defendants of the Indian subsidiary, however, will remind their critics that cutting these corners were required to keep their plant open and preserve their jobs and important pesticides. Without pressure from their US parent to eliminate losses, they argue, such drastic measures would not have been necessary. Here again we see how easily complications arise when attempting to assign responsibility for ethical lapses. Government of India: The government of India was the strongest proponent in bringing a Union Carbide plant to Bhopal as the prospect of jobs and much needed pesticides led to an offer Union Carbide could not refuse: cheap labour, tax breaks, few workplace safety restrictions and a guaranteed market for 100% of their output. The Government of India, in addition to economic growth, also bears responsibility for the safety and well-being of its citizens; here, they failed to live up to their full mandate. Firstly, the decision to favour economic growth over safety was questionable ethically and ended up costing them dearly. Secondly, the Government neglected the densely-populated shanty town that had grown up near the plant on land deeded from local officials. Its residents were the first and main victims of the poisonous gas. Still, many will argue that a cost-benefit analysis made creating jobs and accessible pesticide for a poor and hungry region the proper priority. While many were ultimately harmed by the leak, how many more had benefitted from the poverty-alleviating jobs and hunger-alleviating crops? Here again we find valid points and counter-points, leaving us no closer to assigning conclusive blame and responsibility for the tragedy. Dow Chemical: While Dow certainly protected itself in the purchase agreement from a legal standpoint, there are those that suggest the proper ethical action is for Dow to assume responsibility for any outstanding clean up and compensation. While this may innately feel like the right thing to do, the counterpoint that Dow had nothing to do with the incident and should not be punished after paying fair market value for Union Carbide is also valid. Personal Reflection: Analyzing the conduct of the major parties has not produced any conclusive allocation of responsibility. It is clear that each party deserves significant blame but no party deserves total blame. There is, however, an overlooked culprit that I believe deserves the bulk of the blame: the expectations market that has hijacked the decision making of US corporations(1). Ever-increasing emphasis on the expectations market (stock prices) instead of the real market (products/services, relationships with customers and communities) has left businesses making short-term, profit-chasing decisions at the expense of their reputation, ethics and long-term viability. Approving cost cuts that jeopardized safety in Bhopal is just one of all too many such instances. This juxtaposition of ethics vs. eeting financial expectations, however, is fatally flawed – there are many examples where ethical decisions produce long term financial success (Tylenol and Maple Leaf Foods recalls, for example). Queens University took the ethical route vis a vis the Radler donation and the class poll revealed that only a very small percentage of us had heard of that incident. I believe that if Queens had ta ken the easier, unethical decision and never offered to return the donation, this story would have been much more widely publicized and Queens would have suffered in the long run. Moreover, there is no shortage of examples where short-term unethical decisions destroy companies and make them miss their projections forever! (Enron, Bre-X, Nortel, etc – sadly this is a very long list indeed). In short, I disagree with Friedman and lay the bulk of Bhopal blame at the financial system in which Union Carbide operated. Fear of getting hammered by the expectations market led to corporate’s threat to close the Bhopal plant which set off the chain reaction that ultimately ended in tragedy. Fear of incurring further losses after the tragedy than focused Union Carbide’s efforts on avoiding liability, rather than taking the ethical high-ground and assuming fair responsibility for compensation and clean up. Corporate promotion of hypernorms such as integrity, compassion and responsibility will ultimately benefit all stakeholders and provide corporations with the enduring financial rewards that accrue to those that are respected and well-liked by the real market (ie. onsumers and communities, not analysts and speculators). We need to usher in a new era where businesses chase solid reputations and community longevity instead of quarterly earnings expectations. The default corporate reaction to adversity must shift towards upholding these hypernorms, rather than hiding behind lawyers and waiting until the blame has been transferred elsewhere. Realizing that employing the ethical strategy does not compromise, but actually enhances long term financial viability is a cruc ial first step.

Achieving Sustainable Development in Developing Countries

Achieving Sustainable Development in Developing Countries Sustainable development was defined by (Brundtland, 1987) as a development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own need. Economists generally accepted and supported Brundtland definition of sustainable development. Pearce barbier (blueprint for Sustainable Economy, 2000) also defines sustainable development as development that last. They also said that future generations should be entitled to at least the same level of economic well-being as is currently available to the present generation. It can also be defined as meeting human fundamental needs while preserving the life-support systems of the planet Earth. This is a scientific perspective on the sustainable development relation between nature and society. The main pillars of sustainable development are: Economic development Social development and Environmental development The United Nations 2005 World Summit Outcome Document refers the above pillars as the interdependent and mutually reinforcing pillars of sustainable development. There has been an indigenous controversy over the main pillars of sustainable development through various International Forums such as United Nation Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues and the Conversion of Biological Diversity that there are four pillars of sustainable development which they called the fourth one , Cultural development. Also, The Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity (UNESCO, 2001) further detailed the concept by saying that the cultural diversity is as necessary for humankind as biodiversity is for nature. This basically becomes one of the roots of development understood not simply in terms of economic growth, but also as a means to achieve a more satisfactory intellectual, emotional, moral and spiritual existence. The universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity stated that Cultural diversity is the fourth policy area of sustainable development. Barriers to achieving sustainable development in developing countries. Sustainable development has been widely promoted as a holisticconcept which aims or targets to integrate social, economicand cultural policies to ensure high-quality growth. However, there are barriers combating the implementation of sustainable development in developing countries. These barriers are: Economic / financial barriers Social barriers Political barriers HIV and Injecting Drug use Poor monitoring and evaluation system Institutional barriers Cultural barriers Trade barriers Poverty and disease Climate change Economic and financial barriers: Economists observed that the dominating development model tends to focus on economic growth as precedence rather than peoples rights or welfare, and environmental processes and limits. Various contributors supported economic growth coming first in developing countries, especially least-developed countries (LDCs), and concluded that investment in environmental protection should be left to a later stage of development, essentially accepting environmental degradation to meet immediate needs. In other words, there was a controversy by other researchers saying that the future generations ability to enjoy an acceptable standard of living would be on shambles if due attention were not immediately paid to social and environmental aspects as well as economic. This they said requires shift in the worldview from treating the environment as part of the economy to treating the economy as part of the environment; strategically this means the economy should be adapted to ensure environmental servic es are maintained. Some contributors recommended developed capitalist societies to act quickly to become more sustainable. Other researchers underscored the imperative for developing countries not to follow the western models of unsustainable development. Three basic constraints to financing sustainable development (SD) are: Competing priorities for limited resources, particularly in LDCs Undelivered pledges made at the international conferences to finance SD. Externalities, such as increased oil prices, conflict, and natural disasters that alter the development priorities of many countries. Initiatives to overcome economic and financial barriers In other to achieve economic growth without threatening social development and environmental resources, new and different vehicles for growth must be oriented to different country situations. Governments should be responsible for market-led problems with incentive for the private sector to become problem-solvers, and not polluters. There is need to shift the incentive and motivating structure for farmers around the world. Policies makers should promote agricultural production that is based on significantly higher labor inputs per area and significantly more diverse production streams. There is need to reform the calculation of economic growth and removal of weapons-related cost from GDP would provide a strong indication of relative spending toward sustainable development to politicians. Justifying the need to abandon linear system of industrial production based on total exploitation of natural resources, over production, and waste generation in favor of a circular system of production using clean technologies and the elimination of waste resources. Social barriers Population growth, paired with unsustainable consumption and production patterns among the wealthy, are the biggest social challenges to achieving sustainable development in the world and developing countries. Absent of a significant change in human behavior, sustainability will not be potential. There are other social barriers which are: The marginalization of the poor and entrenched inequities Limited awareness about sustainable development Environmental issues among both politicians and the wider public fragmented civil society Inadequate interaction between civil society and government Insufficient incentives to for the private sector to pursue sustainable development Initiatives to overcome the social barriers Need for stronger policies to address income disparity and population growth. The introduction of programmes to create awareness and build capacity in the field of sustainable development among the general public can assist to the change in behavior and lifestyle that is needed to achieve sustainability. Efforts to increase scientific capacity will take place within a context of different funding patterns (which involves philanthropic foundations, business, and governmental and intergovernmental bodies), environmental concerns, and research orientations. Governments must foster their relationships with NGOs and other civil society organizations. Also , civil society must take on a great role in policy making and implementation. Participation of civil society in social programmes and related decision making process would ensure accountability; this will help in creating condition for receiving financial aid or UN assistance. Concrete partnership among national and local governments, the grassroots, private sector, civil society and development actors should be developed. Political barriers: Inadequate economic, social and environmental methods for policies, plans and projects are the major barrier combating the implementation of sustainable development in developing world. Researchers believed that governments are stuck in the old development paradigm ,emphasizing economic growth and believing that industrial countries have made no significant effort to change their patterns in production and consumption, thereby threatening global resources. To meet sustainable development objectives requires genuine political and institutional will at all levels of government in all countries, developed and developing. Nevertheless, Corruption, ineffective government and weak inactive law enforcement are hindrances to achieving genuine sustainability. Moreover, lack of information and relevant data availability, limited capacity of policy and decision-makers were identified as reasons for the limited cooperation of governments. The outcome of the discussion by the World Summit on Sustainable Development that was held in South Africa in 2002 was that sustainable development has not been able to evolve out of its environmental roots and that greater focus on climate change may be pulling the issue towards a purer environmental direction rather than integrating sustainable development perspective. They also warned that SD is being replaced by climate change on the political agenda, leaving the rest of the sustainable development agenda forgotten. Lack of coordination to integrate the three pillars of sustainable development has been a major challenge at all levels. At the global level, the United Nations failed to join together its efforts to promote a genuinely sustainable development. Campaigns for integrating many factors are themselves not harmonized, but try to meet different purposes at different times. It was noted that the sectionalized approach to the MDGs has dissolved the broader context of development, and MDG 7 on sustainable development has been largely neglected in favor of other goals rather than being a basis for achieving the rest of the MDGs. More consistent policies to support SD are needed at the international level, including within the United Nations system. At the regional level, regional agreements on SD and mechanisms for their implementation are not stable. There was an agreement that, at national level, a multi-disciplinary approach to governance is needed rather than the persisting tendency for different line ministries, departments and agencies to act without a clear framework for coordination across sectors. Sectorial systems of governance create and perpetuate silo thinking and behavior. It was observed that there is basically no effective national forum for strategic planning on pro-poor economic growth, social development, environment and climate change for developing countries. For instance, inCentral Asia, it was noted that few countries have policies linking environment, poverty, trade and social development, that few environmental policies target equity or poverty issues, and health policies are still mainly formulated in isolation without blending to related sectors. Also at the institutional level, responsibility for the implementation of sustainable development is generally assigned to the Ministry of Environment, Environmental Protection Agency or the tantamount, which traditionally receive little attention and a insufficient budget. Environmental agency would find it difficult to take a balanced approach to economic growth, social development and environmental protection. Poor community involvement was noted as a final major political barrier to achieving sustainable development goals. A top-down approach by centralized authorities often imposes projects and programmes on local governments. Moreover, policy making and implementation does not take into consideration the grassroots need or involve the lower levels of government. Initiatives to overcome political barrier In combating political barrier, sustainable development strategies must be streamlined, but also applied with more severity. The need for environmental institutions to blend and work with other (non-environmental) institutions. Also all ministries must cooperate and work together to achieve an integrated sustainable development for their countries. Stringent efforts should be directed to encroach structural problems that deform both developmental and environmental prospects by focusing on key injustices, notably in trade, environment and climate change. There should be an analytical work on advanced financing for SD. Poverty and environment linkages must be undertaken to further incorporate economic, social and environmental factors. Basic components like sensitization of political leaders, private sector involvement, and participation of local communities need to be concrete in developmental approach. Capacity-building is also necessary across the board. Progress in sustainable developmental goals involves strong, innovation-driven science and technology policies. HIV and Injecting Drug Use Poverty and disease in relation to HIV and Drug Use frustrates the implementation of sustainable development in many developing countries. In many developing countries, HIV epidemics between injecting drug users (IDUs) are preceding larger epidemics in the broader population. Notwithstanding recent expansion of responses, within individual countries, these tend to be several years behind the pace and scale of the actual epidemic. These are factors closely linked to development. The current policy environment makes it difficult for community-based programmes to prevent HIV between injecting drug users. Deficiency in policy dialogue between sectors of government responsibility for reactions to HIV and drug use There is an economic, social and political breakdown which leads to increase in drug injecting, needle sharing and, consequently HIV. Inadequate community capacity, in terms of skills, resources and experience to respond to HIV among IDUs. Injecting drug users, especially women, being demonized for their drug use, rather than supported, placing them at particular risk of both human rights abuses and HIV infection Donor agencies and countries alike failing to recognize the long-term threat to development posed by HIV and injecting drug use. Initiatives to overcome HIV and Injecting Drug Use UNDP and partner agencies, especially UNAIDS and UNDCP, are in a unique and appropriate position to take the lead in the planning and implementation of responses in the following areas: Policy dialogue and reform Programme development and monitoring Creating awareness and understanding of the development implications of HIV and IDU Powering community capacity to respond Addressing gender considerations Responding to legal , ethical and human right issues Fig 2. This is a cartoon drawn as part of an art competition to create awareness among youths about HIV and injecting drug use. This activity was part of the UNDP regional project in Eastern Europe, CIS and Baltic States. Also there is need to implement the MDGs in all developing countries especially on reducing poverty and ensuring good health. Poor monitoring and evaluation systems A basic problem is lack of specific targets (globally, nationally and at local level), measurement and data to track progress, resulting in a lack of information available to decision-makers. It is suggested for strengthening monitoring and evaluation of sustainable development strategies in order to establish a dynamic improvement process, with an objective of increasing their effectiveness. It is recommended that governments should turn up deeper and assess the socio-economicimpacts of developmental projects, rather thanthe outcomealone. Initiatives to overcome poor monitoring and evaluation systems Co-ordination of data within which the vast amount of data can be easily accessed. Countries specific knowledge bases are needed to guide decision making. This is a comprehensive mechanism for monitoring the outcomes of interventions that feeds into subsequent planning processes. National research and development systems need to be strengthened, as well as south-south and south-north knowledge sharing and management. Institutional barriers Institutional barriers as a result of lack of institutional experience to operate all the mechanism of democratic system has been combating and frustrating sustainable development in many developing countries. Since the end of the civil war, developing countries have made a striking movement towards democratic capitalism as the operative model of governance. Moreover in making that transition, many countries discovered that they lack institutional experience to operate all the mechanism of democratic system. They discovered that they have never witness free and fair elections with a full ballot of candidates from multiple parties. In other hand, they were not prepared to run a parliament, also not prepared to have journalists and broadcasters looking at the problems of government in a very public way. Initiatives to overcome institutional barrier Generating enough scientific capacity and institutional support in developing countries is particularly urgent as they are most vulnerable to the multiple stresses arising from rapid, simultaneous changes in social and environmental system. USAID and other governmental donors have facilitated institutional building to help these countries to help these countries fix all the mechanism operating in an open democratic society. Sponsoring democratic programs, introducing new approaches to crisis management and conflicts analysis to assist opposing parties in resolving their peacefully and within the framework that a democratic system provides. Trade barriers Basically developing countries find the EUs strict food safety requirements disruptive to trade. In addition to sanitary standards, new technical product specifications and industrial norms might obstruct the exports of developing countries .The EU introduced a series of directives varying from technical specifications for cars, weighing machines and toys, to the compulsory labeling of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), eggs and voluntary eco-labels. In addition to Community standards, there are regulations at the member-state level. However the level to which this continual flow of new standards helps to restrict imports from developing countries is not properly known. It is clear, however, that WTO notification leads to protests by developing countries .Some of the developing countries expressed their concern, regarding new EU directives on discarded electronic apparatuses proposed by the Commission in 2000 Initiatives to overcome trade barriers Trade liberalization including the removal of existing distortion in international trade must be pursued to support sustainable development policies in developing countries. Sustainable development requires a dynamic international economy and an open, equitable, secure, non-discriminatory and predictable multilateral trading system to support sound domestic economic and environmental policies in both developed and developing countries. Trade and environment should be reciprocally supportive in the pursuit of sustainable development. Conclusion In achieving sustainable development, the 3pillars of SD should be integrated. Progress in sustainability will require fostering problem -driven , interdisciplinary research; building capacity for research; creating coherent system of research planning , operational monitoring , assessment , and application; and providing reliable long term financial support. The need to generate adequate scientific capacity and institutional support in developing countries is particularly urgent as they are most vulnerable to multiple stresses that arise from rapid, simultaneous changes in social and environmental systems. REFERENCES Achieving Sustainable Development, an e-journal of the U.S Department of State.April 2002, volume 1, Num 1. Barbier, E.,1987.The Concept of Sustainable Economic Development.Environmental Conservation, 14(2):101-110 Promoting trade for sustainable development by UNCTAD Secretariat (www.unctad.org/en/docs/tdxibp10_en.pdf) Pearce, D., A. Markandya and E. Barbier,1989.Blueprint for a green economy,Earthscan, London, Great Britain UNDP, 2006. Making Progress on environmental sustainability. Lessons and recommendations from a review of over 150 MDG country experiences (www.undp.org/fssd/report) Summary of e -discussion on achieving sustainable development, April 2008. (http://www.undg.org/docs/8885/eDiscussion-on-Achieving-Sustainable-Development.htm) Sustainability science , science 292.5517 (April 27 ,2001):p 641. Working together towards SD (http://www.oecdwash.org/DATA/DOCS/working_together.pdf) World Summit Outcome Document 2005,World Health Organization, 15 September 2005

Limitation of GDP as a Measure of Economic Welfare

Limitation of GDP as a Measure of Economic Welfare Introduction There are various different indicators used by the economists to measure the development of the economy and GDP should be the one most commonly used in practice. It could reflect the quantitative changes of the economic development, but its qualities. The limitation of GDP in this area prevents it from measuring the economic welfare people get. This essay will discuss how GDP is calculated and the limitations of GDP in measuring the economic welfare. There will be also the introduction of the replacements of GDP which are developed to measure the economic welfare. The Concept of Gross Domestic Products (GDP) and Its Calculation GDP is the abbreviation of gross domestic product. It refers to the market value of all the final goods and services produced by one country or region with the production factors in one year or in certain period of time (Gutierrez et al., 2007). It was first developed by the economist Simon Kuznets in the 1930s and has been gradually used by the governments of various countries to measure the total value of the output of the economy after the Second World War. Since then, GDP has been the indicator for the measurement of development level of the economy. It is an important index of the general situation of the macroeconomics, which reflects the developments of the economy. GDP belongs to the field of the measuring of the aggregate economy. There are mainly three methods to calculate the value of GDP, namely, the production approach, the income approach and the expenditure approach. They reflect the results of the national economy from different views. The production approach calculates the economic results by summarizing the total output values of all the sectors of the economy and subtracting the value of all the intermediate goods. The approach only includes the value added in the production process, so it is also called the value added approach (Viet, 2009). The second method is the income approach. It focuses on the income generated in the production process. Various production factors are involved in the production process and they can get the income per their relevant contribution to the economic activities. The summary of all the incomes of the various production factors is the result of the economic activities. For example, labors and capitals are the main factors used in the production. So their incomes, the wages and the interest constitute the main part of the GDP calculated by theincome approach (Viet, 2012). The expenditure approach calculates the GDP from the view of the final usages of the products and services. The results of the final products and services usually include two main parts, the consumption and the investment. And consumption covers the need from the household sectors, the government and the foreign consumers. So in the expenditure approach, GDP includes the household consumption, the investment, the government spending and the net exports. In practice, the expenditure approach is most common method used by the government of countries in the world. (Viet, 2011) The Limitations of GDP The changes of GDP could reflect the trend of the economic development and most of the countries consider the increase of GDP as the targets of the economic growth. Although GDP has been used widely as the indicator to measure the development level of the world economy, there are inherent limitation and weaknesses in this method that prevents its wider use in the economic growth. And it particularly reduces the efficiency of GDP in evaluating the economic welfare. The main limitation of GDP is that it does not reflect all the contents of the economic activities, which weakens the role of GDP as the indicator of the economic welfare. GDP cannot reflect the overall situation of people’s welfare Generally speaking, the economic growth could bring the increase of people’s income, as well as their economic welfare. The per capita GDP is usually used to indicate the average level of people’s income in the countries. And it is also used to classify the counties of their economic development levels. But it cannot reflect the differences of the people’s welfare caused by the differences of income distribution. For example, for the man having no money at all, he could become a billionaire in terms of the per capita GDP when there is only he and Bill Gates in his country. But he is not likely to enjoy the same welfare as Bill. So GDP, or the per capita GDP masks the real situation of the welfare people really get (Bà ©renger and Verdier-Chouchane, 2007). Besides, there are plenty of things in people’s welfare, not just the economic one. The leisure and family pleasure are also very important part of the welfare. People would have little time to spend with families when they are busy in producing the final products and services. The increase of the GDP does not mean the increase of people’s overall welfare. The non-market economic activities Besides, what GDP does not cover is the non-market economic activities. Per the concept of GDP, it reflects the market values of the final products and services. For the products and services that are not exchanged on the market, their values are hard to evaluate. For example, the household works finished by the full-time housewives, like cooking, cleaning, and taking care of the olds and children, are not paid in by the family. So they are not included in the calculation of GDP. But if these works are done by the baby-sitters who hired and paid by the families, they will be covered by GDP, since they have the market values. In the developed countries, there is a high level of the marketization of the housework. The children will be sent to kindergartens, olds to the nursing home. People have more chance to eat outside instead of cooking home. All these works will be calculated in GDP. But in the developing countries, most of the housework is finished by the numbers of the family. An d their efforts are not recognized by the market and the GDP. The same household works will make different contributions to the calculation of GDP in different countries. But for people no matter in the developed countries or the developing ones, these works increase their welfare (Bridgman et al., 2012). In the calculation of GDP, the lack of these non-market economic activities reduces the ability of GDP to give a full reflection of the economic activities. So it could not tell the complete welfare people get from the economic activities. GDP does not reflect the quality of the economic development What people could get from GDP is just the number of the value added in the given time. It only reflects the number changes of the output of the economy or the quantitative growth of the economy. The quality of the output and the economy cannot be answered by this indicator. And the growth of GDP does not equal with the economic growth, since the economic growth also contains the improvement of the economic quality (Costanza et al., 2009). For example, the increase of GDP could not tell how the economy grows. There are usually three driven forces of the economy, the consumption, the investment and the exportation. If the increase of the GDP is caused by the consumption from the household sector, the quality of the economic growth could be considered as a good growth. But if it is mainly driven by the investment, especially the one in the real estate market or the infrastructures, the quality of the economic growth is worth to worry, since this kind of growth cannot sustain for a long time. The investment only increases the number of GDP, but not the welfare people could get. When using GDP as the main indicator to assess the economic growth, there would be some strange things in the development plans and practices of the governments. They would have the motivation to investment huge funds in the building of the infrastructures, like roads, railways and airports, since these projects would generate great increase of GDP. And they don’t have to consider whether these projects are needed or not, which could cause the waste of the social and economic resources. Besides, accidents would be welcomed by the governments, since they also can increase the GDP. When there are accidents, the new vehicles or properties will be needed to replace the ones damaged in the accidents, which means the increase of the final products and services. But people’s welfare does not see any increase in these activities (Costanza et al., 2009). What GDP provides is just the cold numbers about the amount changes of the economy. It cannot reflect the quality of the economic growth. The environment cost and pollution Except for the limitation in calculating the complete contents and quality of the economic growth, GDP also cannot reflect the hidden costs of the economic growth, particularly the environment cost of the economic activities. GDP only covers the costs that could be exchanged and valued in the market. These environment costs, like the environmental disruption and pollution, usually cannot be valued in the market and they are not calculated by GDP (Costanza et al., 2009). When developing the economy, it is needed to consume the natural resources from the environment. But the resources are limited. The excessive usage of the recourses in the current economic activities could bring the negative influence on the future development. And the economic growth is not sustainable in this model. But this cannot be reflected by GDP. Meanwhile, economic growth could cause the environmental disruption and pollution. These are also the costs of the economic growth. However, they are not included in GDP, since Mother Nature does not charge the price in humans’ economic activities. And the stupid humans will not calculate these costs until they pay for it. The Replacements of GDP The limitations of GDP mentioned above have been exposed in practice and there have been some other indicators developed to replace GDP. These replacements of GDP make up the limitation of GDP in evaluating the welfare people get in the economic activities and help people to have a better understanding of the welfare people get from the economy. In this process, there are main two directions for the measurement of the economic welfare. One direction is to measure the total level of the economic welfare. This method is easy to measure and the result could reflect the differences between different countries. The second direction is to get the per capita level of the economic welfare. These two directions could be seen as the same one, since it is easy to get the per capita results when people get the total level of the welfare. The GNI-Lorenz curve Since GDP cannot reflect the differences of the national income distribution, the Lorenz Curve is then developed to indicate the condition of the income distribution. It is developed in a coordinate system with the percentage of income and households as the axis. It reflects how the wealth of one country is distributed among the households. People could find the level of the inequality in the income distribution per the camber of the Lorenz Curve (Helene, 2010). The gross domestic income (GDI) The gross domestic income or GDI is another indicator used to reflect the condition of the economy. It calculates the income generated by the economic activities, which includes the compensation of employees, the gross operating surplus and the gross mixed income. This indicator could be seen as the version of GDP calculated in the income approach (Fixler, Greenaway-McGrevy and Grimm, 2011). Since people’s welfare is largely influenced by the income level, so the changes of GDI could reflect the situation of people’s welfare. The physical quality of life index (PQLI) The physical quality of life index is developed by David Morris in the mid-1970s. This index is consisted of three main indicators, the literacy rate, the infant morality rate and the indexed life expectancy. The average value of these three indicators is the level of the physical quality of life. This index is easy to measure and understand. But it does not reflect the complete contents of the welfare. And the excessive attention to the health indicators reduces its ability to give a full explanation of the welfare level (Bà ©renger and Verdier-Chouchane, 2007). Conclusion The gross domestic product can partly reflect the results of the economic activities. But it cannot reflect the economic welfare, the non-market economic activities, the quality of the economic growth, and the environment cost and pollution. These limitations prevent GDP from measuring the economic welfare people get from the economic activities. So that people have developed the new methods to replace GDP to measure the economic welfare. References Bà ©renger, V. and Verdier-Chouchane, A., 2007. Multidimensional Measures of Well-Being: Standard of Living and Quality of Life across Countries. World Development, 35(7), pp. 1259–276. Bridgman, B., Dugan, A., Lal, M., Osborne, M. and Villones, S., 2012. Accounting for Household Production in the National Accounts, 1965–2010. Survey of Current Business, May, pp.23-36 Costanza, R., Hart, M., Posner, S. and Talberth, J., 2009. Beyond GDP: The Need for New Measures of Progress. The Pardee Papers No. 4. Boston: Pardee Center for the Study of the Longer-Range Future. Fixler, D.J., Greenaway-McGrevy, R. and Grimm, B.T., 2011, Revisions to GDP, GDI, and Their Major Components. Survey of Current Business, July, pp.9-31. Gutierrez, C.M., Glassman, C.A., Landefeld, J.T. and Marcuss, R.D., 2007. Measuring the Economy: A Primer on GDP and the National Income and Product Accounts. Washington, D.C.:à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce. Helene, O., 2010, Fitting Lorenz Curves. Economics Letters, 108, pp.153-55. Viet, V.Q., 2009. GDP by Production Approach: A General Introduction with Emphasis on an Integrated Economic Data Collection Framework. New York: United Nations Statistics Division. Viet, V.Q., 2011. GDP by Final Expenditure Approach an Operational Guide for Using Commodity Flow Approach. New York: United Nations Statistics Division. Viet, V.Q., 2012. Income Approach to GDP and Other Issues Relating to the Compilation of Household Income and Consumption Expenditures. International Workshop on Household Income, Consumption and Full Accounting of the Households Sector, 26-28 March, Beijing. China.

Joan of Arc :: essays research papers

Joan of Arc   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Joan of Arc by Nancy Wilson Ross in nineteen-hundred and fifty-three and published by Random House. Nancy Wilson Ross was born in Olympia Washington; she wrote many books on the early fifteenth century including Joan of Arc.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nancy Wilson Ross wrote of that Joan of Arc was a simple girl taken advantage of by a wimp of a prince/king who left her to be used and abandoned at the first sign of trouble; by those that she had helped the most. That Joan was divinely guided by her voices and manipulated by many to fit their will.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mrs. Ross starts off by showing the extreme challenge of getting to see the Prince Dauphin. In the beginning she was laughed at and told to go back to her family farm, as a mere girl they had no need of her. But Joan did not give up and she waited till the war had gone on for awhile and was not going well and then she tried again. Joan was finally allowed to go to see her Prince and tell him of her voices, but first she had to endure a verification of the origin of her voices and of her that took quite a while longer. Joan in the mean time grew anxious for the Prince and for France as her voices were urging her to hurry and help Prince Dauphin get crowned King of France and save her country from the English.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After Joan is proven fit, she is finally allowed to meet her Prince and finds that he is a weak-willed individual that is not inclined to make any decisions, least of all to put forth the effort to go to Reims and be crowned the King of France. Joan does convince him into letting her go out into the battle fields and help lead the soldiers to a victory. Joan was fulfilling a prophecy that said that â€Å"having been through a woman (the wicked plots of Dauphin’s Mother), would be restored by a girl from Lorraine.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In battle Joan was smart and brave and gave the men hope that they could turn the war around. Joan dictated letters to the English generals that she did not want to hurt them and that they should go home, but they ignored her and she fought them till they turned and ran. Joan helped turn the tide to Frances advantage and then returned to Prince Dauphin to try to convince him to go to Reims and be crowned.

The Australian Aboriginal People: Dating the Colonization of Australia :: Biology Biological Colony Essays

The Australian Aboriginal People: Dating the Colonization of Australia Abstract The colonization of each continent by modern human populations remains an important question in our history as a species. Studies of variations in mitochondrial genomes, Y-chromosomes, satellite DNA, and other genetic markers can be used to estimate the time of divergence of one population from another. Recent advancements in technology have advanced our capabilities in genetic analysis. In particular, PCR can be used to amplify, study, and sequence DNA from long-deceased specimens. Ingman and Gyllensten studied 101 complete mitochondrial genomes from contemporary populations in Australia and many other regions. The mitochondrial genetic diversity of Aboriginals is remarkably high, similar to that found in Asia. Ingman and Gyllesten estimated colonization of Australia at 40,000-70,000 years ago and supported multiple waves of migration. Another study by Adcock and others indicates that anatomically modern humans were present in Australia before complete fixation of the mtDNA lineage, but does not establish a colonization date. A study of Y-chromosome variation by Vandenburg and others in 1999 revealed two haplotypes unique to Australian Aboriginals. Most (78%) of Aboriginal haplotypes fell into two clusters, possibly indicating two original, separate lineages of founding Aboriginal Australians. As recently as the 1960’s, anthropologists predicted the colonization of Australia at less than 10,000 years ago. Advancments in thermoluminescence dating pushed back the estimated colonization time to 50,000-60,000 years ago in the early 1990’s. Improvements in thermoluminescence and carbon dating techniques adjusted previous colonization dates of 50,000-60,000 years to approximately 45,000 years. The results of morphological dating best-support the multiregional evolution hypothesis of modern humans, and further complicate the possible ancestry of modern Australian Aboriginals. Mitochondrial DNA analysis, recent thermoluminescence dates, and the history of ocean levels coincide roughly to indicate a colonization of Australia at approximately 50,000 years ago. Introduction Throughout recorded history, humans have been defined by a desire to know ourselves: Where did we come from? How did we get here? Where are we going? Many questions are directed towards our appearance as a species and subsequent populating of the earth, -- piece by piece. One particularly large piece of the earth is Australia: a continent, a country, and a mystery in human history. Though the major events in Australian natural history have been revealed, for the most part, human history remains a great topic of debate.

Colonial Girls School

The poem opens with the phrase, â€Å"Borrowed images/willed our skin pale†, which is an allusiin to many teenaged school girls bleaching their skins with different creams and soaps to become a lighter complexion. The poem as a whole focuse on the rejection of one's color to a more favoured one, emphasised to them by the outer one. Borrowed images from the first world countries, where white is emphasised as better or more beautiful. It also focused on the image of girls' ‘dekinked' hair, yet another image of them rejecting their blackness for a more favourable image, that of white through chemicals to straighten their hair.The poem is one from a formerly colonized country which focuses on the fact that for years, their teachers have only taught them American, British and other aspects of European countries and â€Å"nothing about us at all. † They were taught Latin and SHakespeare, but nothing of their own language and were punished if they used it, but were to ta lk like little madrigals in a choir with the hills and valleys in their tonage, rejecting their baser language.They were taugh of the landscapes of other countries, of kings and queens of England, wheatfields of Canada and Steppes of Russia, but nothing of their own heritage or landscape. Mention of Marcus Garvey and 1838 and the fight for desegregation and the equal rights was mentioned as a beacon in black history, Little Rock, Congo, Lumumba, etc, all aspects of foreigh history, but nothing of their own fight for black empowerment. The writer alludes to a day being able to tell their own Anansi stories with pride, where â€Å"northern eyes in the brighter world before us† would seem pale. Muffled our laughter†, â€Å"willed our skins pale†, â€Å"lowered our voices†, â€Å"dekinked our hair†, â€Å"denied our sex in gym tunics†, â€Å"harnessed our voices to †¦ † and â€Å"yoked our minds† are all negative images.* To sh ow that Jamaicans continue to hold on to a system which deny their culture and race while elsewhere racial barriers are being destroyed. Marcus Garvey, who was famous for his pride in his race, would have been shocked to learn that his country has not yet thrown off the colonial chain. â€Å"†¦ kissed us awake† tells us that someone has given them new information which so alerted them that they threw off the negative images. This was done calmly, gently and lovingly. Examine the word ‘kiss' and you will see that whoever brought the change must have cared, must have confronted them after establishing a close relationship. * The last four lines reveal that with their new found knowledge, the girls no longer find pale skins attractive, no longer yearn to be pale themselves.

Human Papilloma Virus in Teens Essay

Teenagers in the coupled States be becoming sexually active at an earlier age and have more(prenominal) exposure to sexually contagious indispositions. human being Papilloma Virus (HPV) is one of the lede causes of sexually transmitted complaints in the United States (Center for Disease Control, 2012), and the age group with the highest prevalence of HPV are teenagers. With the growing number of teenagers open(a) to HPV, the incidence of cervical genus Cancer is increase in the US. The study of epidemiology focuses on the interventions and preventions purchasable to return the prevalence and incidence of HPV, cervical sewercer, and venereal warts in teenagers.This paper leave evaluate the role of epidemiology in HPV by utilizing the epidemiological triangle, methods and types of epidemiology, the population affected, and the levels of prevention in the HPV disease. Epidemiology is the study of populations in order to monitor lizard the health of the population, unde rstand the determinants of health and disease of communities, and investigate and evaluate interventions to prevent disease and maintain health (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2008). Epidemiology is a recognition that includes both infectious and chronic diseases and influences clinical medicine and public health by means of and through research.Epidemiology focuses on evidence-based practice and the outcomes are use to guide a change in practice. The influence of the research is community round-eyed and focuses on the services provided in the community. The use of epidemiology is to find the causes of disease, the prevention of morbidity and mortality, and to shout out the occurrence of disease in the populations at risk. Nurses use epidemiology as a information tool in designing, implementing, and evaluating the health problems in the community (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2008).Human Papilloma computer virus is the primary cause of sexually transmitted disease among teenagers and can res ult in co-morbidity such as cervical cancer and genital warts. Research has indicated that the vaccines available are effective in the prevention of cervical cancer and genital warts caused by HPV. HPV in teens can be affected by lack of education about gum elastic sex practices, and the lack of access to healthcare facilities executing medical screening. Legal term involving vaccine administration, in the state of Tennessee, is agnate consent.The public health nurse can play a role in the community by advocating and communicating with governing officials for the vaccine to be required for seize into school. Primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention have important implications towards HPV management, cervical cancer, and genital warts. Prevention of HPV through education, screening, and vaccinations is the most effective technique to decrease the prevalence and incidence cervical cancer, and genital warts in teenagers.

Critically examine the different sources of finance available to businesses

MANAGING FINANCIAL RESOURCES AND DECISIONSTERMPAPER1 executive director outlineThe information which was employ to explicate the theoretical copy was put to stoolher utilizing both primary and tributary information. Information was gathered from the meshwork the literatures and transferred prior scholarship that was garnered from an in- mob treatment as a beginning of informations. The bring wi subject ac guild enables companies to precipi cut ratee in new-sp travel byg(prenominal) commercialise, adjunct grosss and better operational humankind innovations, analyzes the veritable link up operation and determines ways that the companionship stickerside take in smo otherwise. Powells pay service which is the private political party is a taking maker that provides lodge ins with financial sanction and has been in be since May 2003. The pay division of a guardianship is unriv eached the most of instant classs in the vexation as it is in this rustic wh ere all(prenominal) the notes is managed. The mo moolahary imaginativenesss in a line of work atomic number 18 what allow for travel the apprehension from champion pattern to another.The pecuniary facet of a occupation is right estimabley of trade as no programs of the plaque put forward be carried out without the fiscal arm being called for. The finish of both finance map is to accomplish triad benefits invade bread and butter service, lower constitutes and effectual command of the contact . ( Griffin, n.d. ) .Making conclusions in a repair seminal fluid with tactical thought. As these determinations ordure whatsoever do or interrupt the comp each. Decision stool mentally is an inhering leading accomplishment If you can larn how do by the bye, well- debated determinations, so you can take your squad to well-deserved mastery . ( Mind Tools, n.d. ) . Other brasss describe determination devising as the cognitive procedure ensuing in the choice of a b elief or a class of action among several alternate possibilities. So this just now goes to demo the relevancy of ingenuous determination devising because what every determination doing procedure produces a concluding pick that may non motivate action. So with the fiscal direction and the determination doing a company can seek to travel from strength to strength. preceptThe intent of this research is to demo the importance of the unlike beginnings of finance purchasable to meets. Finance is a really of import factor of any perplexity finance is inevitable in every attention in order to better. There argon umpteen beginnings through with(predicate) which a company can have its finance in order to increase its capital.Background hidden SpousesPowells fiscal service is a taking maker that provides concerns with fiscal aid and has been in being since May 2003, this concern has grown to be one among the taking fiscal companies in Jamaica with both inborn every mo distribute d as impertinent stakeh previous(a)ers. It is located in the centre of Half track Tree and looking forrader to the international commercialize. star of its stake keep goingers is a Willis Consultant Company who helps in support the policy s companys public presentation, assertable and assesses its communicating, cognition, information, interaction and needs as this is a major(ip) failing of the company. This fiscal company is trusty for the direction of the organisation s hard specie flow and guaranting at that place plenty financess usable to fight into the twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours hires, this country excessively encompasses erudition and collects policies for the companys customers, to guarantee the organisation is paid on clip and is a payment policy for the companys provider. As a Small Business Enterprise it is hard to manage with our rivals so we had to engage a Business Consulting wet to make solutions to our jobs, acquire the merchandise on t he market and to hike the sale of it so it can be recognized worldwide.VISION financial bring upmentPowels fiscal service is the Prime Minister centre that offers lineament services to its clients..MISION STATEMENTPowels Financial with the speech pattern on reasoned client service and intelligent trained employees Powels Financial will efficaciously put to death responsibilitiesWILLIS CONSULTING COMPANYThe Willis adviser company is owned and o3perated by Ghenya Johnson and was established in the class May 1985. Our good trained employees include Secretary, Accountants, mixture Directors, Human Resource Managers, Managers, General Managers, Chief Executive Officers ( CEO ) , and the Consultants. We be located in three locations Mandeville, Santa Cruz and our caput office in Kingston. This confer withing shack provides professional advice for a fee. This steadfast employs professionalism with the specialised aptitude to assist authoritiess and organisations across all ind ustries and concern maps create value for their clients and stakeholders in all countries and phases of concern, we specialize more often than not in helping clients with pull offing information, communicating, cognition, information, interaction and needs it l odditys worth(predicate) expertness and provides advice and counsel in many ways.This company enables companies to come in new market, improver grosss and better operational public presentations, analyzes the current concern operation and determines ways that the company can run smoother. Our aim apart from doing a sack up income is to go on captureing our clients concern in footings of communicating cognition and seting together information, making solutions to mixed bugs in the concern biosphere, our figure one end is to help our clients in any manner possible leaven them the free-enterprise(a) border that is needed to net in their versatile endeavors. We here at Willis Consulting Company takes massive pride in t he advice we give as we argon cognizant of how unforgiving this concern can be. For 28 old ages, our company has weather-beaten the storm under the brilliant leading of Ghenya Johnson and then doing our name as one of the best consulting company in the part. We look frontward to working with distributively other and every one of you in recognizing your dreams and liberation the best that you can perchance be, here at Willis Consulting Company we pride ourselves on functioning the topical anaesthetic and international community. Our piece of land record for the consort old ages speaks for itself, we have helped falling cooperation acquire back on path. We will be looking frontward to working with you and we extend our deepest thanks for taking Willis consults as the thrust forcing to help you in this venture.VISION STATEMENTThis company enables companies to come in new market, addition grosss and better operational public presentations, analyzes the current concern operation a nd determines ways that the company can run smoother.MissionStatementOur figure one end is to help our clients in any manner possible given them the competitory border that is needed to win in their assorted enterprisesAimTo place the beginnings of finance available to concernTo understand the deductions of finance as a resource within a concern.To do fiscal determinations ground on fiscal informationTo supply an assessment of the fiscal public presentation of a concernMethodologyIn seting together information on the research the research role player, acquired a wealth of cognition by qualitative and three-figure research methods which applied in this thesis in the class of informations analysis, Primary informations were collected through inquiries ( questionnaires ) asked 2 individuals in the concern field that the research worker is familiar with, these inquiries ( questionnaires ) were asked so researcher could hold a better apprehension.Questionnaires can besides be canvas s more scientifically and objectively than any other signifiers of research and can be conducted by a big figure of people in a unforesightful period of clip and in a comparatively cost effectual manner. Harmonizing to Leary ( 1995 ) , there are distinguishable advantages in utilizing a questionnaire vs. an interview methodological analysis questionnaires are less expensive and easier to lot than personal interviews they lend themselves to group disposal and, they resign confidentiality to be assured. Robson ( 1993 ) indicates that mailed studies are highly efficient at supplying information in a comparatively brief clip period at low cost to the research worker.The secondary informations which was used to explicate the theoretical model was gathered from the cyberspace the literatures and transferred prior cognition that was garnered from an in-class treatment as a beginning of informations aggregation. analytic thinking1.1Identify the beginnings of finance available to a co ncernFinanceFinance is a outgrowth of scotch sciences concerned with resource allocation every bit good as resource direction, achievement and investing. Finance trades with affairs related to money and the markets.SOURES OF FINANCE AVAILABLE TO BUSINESSHire Purchase- this is a sort of sequence acquaintance, which is similar to renting the lone exclusion is that the possesstion of the good base on ballss to the hire purchase client to the concluding recognition episode, whereas a rental never becomes a owner of.Renting this is a method of obtaining the enjoyment of assets of the concern without utilizingBank Lending-Government assistances-Retained Earnings- the sum of gaining retained within the concern has a directOrdinary/ candor shares- this is interchanging a part of the self-control of the concern for a fiscal investing in the concern. The willpower interest, ensuing from an equity investing forfeits the investors to circle in the companys net incomes.Analysis1.2 evalu ate THE IMPLICATIONA OF THE DIFFERENT SOURCES OF FINANCEBeginnings of finance can either be long term or hapless term. Long term beginnings of finance can be paid back over many old ages while short term beginnings of finance moldiness be paid back in one twelvemonth clip.Beginnings OF FINANCE THAT COVERS SHORT TERMAn overdraft facility- this is where Bankss allow houses to take more money that it has in its cashbox history.Trade credit- this is where providers deliver the goods now and are willing to look for a period of clip before payment.Factoring- this is where houses deal out their measures to a factor like Bankss, they pattern this in order to acquire money immediately instead of waiting 28 yearss to be paid the full sum..Beginnings OF FINANCE THAT COVERS LONG TERMOwners who invest money in their concern for sole bargainers and spouse this can be their nest eggs. For companies, the support invested by memory boardholders is called destiny capital.Loan from a entrust or family/friends.Debentures- these are contributes do to a family.Mortgage- this is a particular type of contribute for purchasing belongings where monthly payments are make for the usage of equipments such as autos.Leased these are equipments on rental and non owned by the house, hired equipments are owned by the house after concluding payment.Grants- this can come from charities or the authorities to assist concerns acquire interpreted up, particularly in parts of high usage.Analysis1.3EVALUATE THE APPROPRIATE SOURCES OF FINANCE FOR BUSINESS PROJECTSWhether 1 is get downing a new concern or seeking to spread out on an bing one, taking the right beginning of finance for the state of affairs can be really ambitious, therefore there are many beginnings to take from and separately beginning of finance has its ain advantages and disadvantages.Bank Loans- aver contributes can be a existent good beginning as I may be able to guarantee the personal loan or line of acknowledgment these loans are available to finance the purchase of stock list and equipment every bit easy as to keep runing good as to obtain operating capital and financess for concern enlargement. These loans are clip honored and a really time-tested method of financing a little patronage, finance houses with important collateral and a long class record, and the footings they offer are frequently really stiff.DisadvantageThese loans are problematic to predominate unless little concern receives a substantial path record or valuable collateral like existent land.Monetary value of wedge loans- involvement rates for little concern loans from my boxes can be really high and the sum of bank support for which the concern qualifies is frequently non sufficient to tout ensemble carry through the want.AdvantageBanks will merely loan money to a commercial endeavor based on the value of the occupation and its perceiving abilities to function the loan by doing payments on clip or in full.Banks do non take ownership in your concern or acquire involved in any facets of running the concern to which it grants loan.RecommendationFinance is required to advance or make occupations, addition assets, green goods merchandises, run market studies every bit good as to promote.Establishment thought fundss on being antiphonal, efficient, and quantitative and run a risk averse. So the finance section is the bosom of the undivided operation of a concern and thats why this section is so of import and important.Finance is needed throughout the life of every company, it is needed to get down a concern and incline it up to profitableness, the type and sum of finance required for a concern depend on factors such as the type of concern, the sum of money that will be needed and the clip span in which it will be needed, the success of the house and the province of the economic system. The fiscal demands of a concern will change harmonizing to the type and size of the concern. In the early phase of an y concern one is improbable to hold all the capital it needs to acquire started, and so will hold a list of thoughts and options for backup. Since bank loans are the most traditional manner of funding concerns it is the method that most concern proprietors use in order to finance their concern, hence it has advantages and disadvantages like any other beginnings of finance so one should cautiously see if it is the best option for the type of concern before doing a concluding determination.There are two major beginnings of finance for any concern and these include the internal and international beginnings of finance. The proprietor of the concern is the 1 who chooses the best signifier of finance to be used by the concern, the concern can merely come on if the right beginning of finance is being used. There are three major types of support options that are available to little concerns and these are debt funding, equity funding and grants. Debt funding is the handiness of recognition or loans to little concerns that has a good recognition repute, nevertheless the cost of borrowing money is compared with the cost of equity funding for cost benefit analysis. Equity funding is the exchange of a part of the ownership of the concern of fiscal investings in the concern.Decision peerless of the primary ends of get downing up a concern is for doing money. Finance is the life blood of any concern, for every concern there is a great importance of finance. Finance is the most of import thing to run any concern as it helps it to turn, develop and spread out there are many beginnings of finance available to concerns. The categorization of beginnings of finance is unfree on assorted factors and these beginnings of finance can be classified as internal, external, debt, equity or short term and long term. . So the finance section is the bosom of the whole operation of a concern and thats why this section is so of import and important.There are assorted countries that the fin ance section covers which play an every bit as good function as any other in the company. One of these is Budgeting and Forecasting and this is the relation of your concern and the external community. Driven by net incomes and development estimations, stock monetary values rely on timely informations prediction to accomplish optimum cost and market capitalisation. Another country that the finance section covers is the payables and receivables, this where the all hard currency flow into and out of the concern are managed. Sellers and creditors need payment right and on clip to maintain things running smoothly . ( Griffin, n.d. ) . In the business, it is best to stay liquid, possessing the right measure of difficult currency on manus and at all times must keep payment programs tat keep back every thing on path as this is best. Small concern net income from this cognition even though non publically sold. Possessing cognition of natural stuff demands, staff office and staffing demand an d enlargement demands force enterprisers to thoughtfully look at their demands. With the fiscal section being the nucleus of the organisation it needs to be managed decently so as to harvest better consequences.REFRENCESDana Griffin, n.d.The Role of Finance in a Business. ONLINE Available at hypertext transfer communications protocol //smallbusiness.chron.com/role-finance-business-290.html. Accessed 21 January 15 MindTools, n.d.Decision Making Techniques. ONLINE Available at hypertext transfer protocol //www.mindtools.com/pages/main/newMN_TED.htm. Accessed 21 January 15