100 years of army history Essays - Reserve Officers Training Corps

100 years of army history Essays - Reserve Officers Training Corps Making the best military officers in the world; motivating young people to be better citizens. The Army Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC), as it exists today, began with President Wilson signing the National Defense Act of 1916. Although military training had been taking place in civilian colleges and universities as early as 1819, the signing of the National Defense Act brought this training under single, federally-controlled entity: The Reserve Officers' Training Corps. Army ROTC is the largest officer-producing organization with the American military, having commissioned more than half a million second lieutenants since its inception. The United States Army Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps (JROTC) came into being with the passage of the National Defense Act of 1916. Under the provisions of the Act, high schools were authorized the loan of federal military equipment and the assignment of active duty military personnel as instructors. In 1964, the Vitalization Act opened JROTC up to the other services and replaced most of the active duty instructors with retirees who worked for and were cost shared by the schools. Title 10 of the U.S. Code declares that "the purpose of Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps is to instill in students in United States secondary educational institutions the value of citizenship, service to the United States, personal responsibility, and a sense of accomplishment." History of Army ROTC The JROTC Program has changed greatly over the years. Once looked upon primarily as a source of enlisted recruits and officer candidates, it became a citizenship program devoted to the moral, physical and educational uplift of American youth. Although the program retained its military structure and the resultant ability to infuse in its student cadets a sense of discipline and order, it shed most of its early military content. The study of ethics, citizenship, communications, leadership, life skills and other subjects designed to prepare young men and woman to take their place in adult society, evolved as the core of the program. More recently, an improved student centered curriculum focusing on character building and civic responsibility is being presented in every JROTC classroom. JROTC is a continuing success story. From a modest beginning of 6 units in 1916, JROTC has expanded to 1645 schools today and to every state in the nation and American schools overseas. Cadet enrollment has grown to 281,000 cadets with 4,000 professional instructors in the classrooms. Comprised solely of active duty Army retirees, the JROTC instructors serve as mentors developing the outstanding young citizens of our country. Most Americans don't know there's an Army Reserve, and even many of those who do couldn't explain the difference between it and the active-duty Army. They're even more confused when it comes to distinguishing between the Army Reserve and the National Guard. So, here's all you really need to know about the Army Reserve: The Pentagon could not be fighting the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq without it. As the Army Reserve turns 100 years old April 23, it's worth noting just how much its mission has changed, and what that says about the way the nation is waging war. The Army Reserve is made up of part-time soldiers, who for generations have undergone a period of full-time basic training, and then spent a weekend each month training and a week or two each year on extended exercises. (The National Guard is also a part-time force, whose members report to the governors of their states, but who can be "federalized" and sent off to war just like reservists). During its first 80 years, the Army Reserve was deployed six times, a number it has eclipsed in the 20 years since. Nearly half of the Army's supporting units everything from military police to civil-affairs units now resides in the Army Reserve. Currently 26,000 of the Army's 190,000 Reservists are on active duty, including 6,600 in Iraq and 5,700 in Afghanistan. After the Cold War, the Pentagon made dramatic cuts to its available ground forces, slicing the 770,000-strong active-duty Army to a complement of 479,000 on the eve of 9/11 (it's at 524,000 now). Dreams of waging future wars with $350 million F-22 fighters and $2 billion Virginia-class attack subs quickly evaporated as the mud-and-blood campaigns in Afghanistan and Iraq showed that the U.S. would need plenty of boots on

Dialysis Essays - Renal Dialysis, Kidney Diseases, Organ Failure

Dialysis Essays - Renal Dialysis, Kidney Diseases, Organ Failure Dialysis Biology 202A Anatomy & Physiology II Professor Debra Dutton September 27, 2012 Throughout the United States and other countries, there are many people that suffer from renal failure every day. Dialysis is a way of helping with the kidneys. The kidneys are responsible for filtering all of the wastes products from the blood. It restores the proper balance of electrolytes in the body and eliminates extra fluid from the body also. Even though many individuals kidneys dont work as properly as they used to, the dialysis procedure allows them to live a productively safe life without having complications with their kidneys. There are over 200,000 people that use this technique on an ongoing basis throughout their life. Dialysis is only needed when about 80% to 90% of youre kidney function is lost and when your kidneys can no longer take care of your own bodys needs. Its an imperfect treatment to replace the kidneys function also because it does not fix the endocrine function of the kidney. Although some patients may be worse than others, there are a few stages of lost kidney function that can be very displeasing and should be treated immediately. Dialysis is basically a special medical process, which a persons blood is purified of the toxins, that the kidneys would normally flush out. As the body functions throughout life, they are needed to be removed from the body. When most of the fluids arent removed, they are slowly but surely building up and become worse. As the waste products build up, they cause a sickening feeling in the body called uremia and get short of breath. The many toxins such as parathyroid hormone, polyamines, beta2, microglobulin, and other middle molecules, are thought to be contributed to the clinical syndrome of uremia. The dialysis procedure is usually temporary or can be permanent depending on the individual. For people that are patiently waiting for a kidney transplant, dialysis is most likely temporary for the moment. Sometimes in patients, even after receiving a new kidney, the transplant is rejected after a year or so. While other patients have trouble becoming a candidate for a kidney transplant, dialysis may not ease the illness. The patients having trouble being a candidate for kidney transplant are usually overweight or are very elderly. Some patients are most likely to be a on a life long dialysis routine because of the rejected transplant. Dialysis is not always permanent, although some acute kidney failure can get better as the treatment continues. So there is hope, even though dialysis is a hassle sometimes. There are many ways that can cause kidney failure. The leading cause of kidney failure is diabetic mellitus, the second most common cause is hypertension and third most common is glomerulonephritis. When the two diseases called diabetic mellitus and hypertension are controlled by treatment, the linked kidney disease can often be prevented or slowed down. Medicines, as well as traumatic injury can be another cause of your kidney failing and not functioning right. It can also be hereditary for some individuals. Even though dialysis can be a life saving procedure for many individuals with kidney failure, its not always perfect. Other than the actual dialysis treatment, there are other ways to help with it as well. For example, some patients have to follow a specific diet in order to improve and prevent the kidney from getting worse than it already is. Special diet for dialysis patients is an important factor because being on the treatment alone does not effectively remove all waste products built up. The dialysis diet, controls the intake of fluid, sodium, protein, phosphorus, and potassium. These levels are usually measured immediately before and after the dialysis treatment. There are certain dairy products that are to be avoided because most of them are high in phosphorus. A dairy product that might need to be avoided in the diet are certain cheese, chocolate milk, pudding, yogurt, and milkshakes. These are some of the dairy products that are high in potassium as well but there are many other types of food that are also high. Pineapples, strawberries and blueberries as well as other fruits are low in potassium and are also a good helping hand to the body. Overall, the levels of